Elasticsearch作为最流行的搜索和分析引擎，其核心CRUD（创建、读取、更新、删除）操作是每个开发者必须掌握的技能。本文将详细介绍Elasticsearch的基础数据操作，并提供可直接复用的curl示例。
1 创建索引与文档
1.1 创建索引
// 语法
PUT /<index_name>
{"settings": { ... }, # 索引配置"mappings": { ... } # 字段映射
}// 创建简单索引（自动应用默认映射）
curl -X PUT "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindex" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"settings": {"number_of_shards": 3,"number_of_replicas": 1}
}'// 创建带自定义映射的索引
curl -X PUT "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindex_1" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"mappings": {"properties": {"title": { "type": "text" },"views": { "type": "integer" },"publish_date": { "type": "date" }}}
}'1.2 添加文档
# 指定ID创建文档
curl -X POST "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindx/_doc/1" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"name": "无线耳机","price": 799,"stock": 200
}'# 自动生成ID创建文档
curl -X POST "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindex_1/_doc" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"name": "智能手表","price": 2999
}'# 批量创建文档（更高效）
curl -X POST "http://192.168.10.33:9200/_bulk" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{ "index" : { "_index" : "myindex", "myindex_1" : "2" } }
{ "name": "蓝牙音箱", "price": 299 }
{ "index" : { "_index" : "myindex", "_id" : "3" } }
{ "name": "电子书阅读器", "price": 899 }
'2 查询文档
2.1 基础查询
# 按ID查询文档
curl -X GET "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindex_1/_doc/1?pretty"# 检查文档是否存在
curl -I "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindex/_doc/1"# 获取多个文档
curl -X GET "http://192.168.10.33:9200/_mget" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"docs": [{ "_index": "myindex_1", "_id": "1" },{ "_index": "myindex_1", "_id": "2" }]
}'2.2 搜索API
# 简单全文搜索
curl -X GET "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindex/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"query": {"match": {"name": "智能"}}
}'# 复合查询
curl -X GET "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindx/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"query": {"bool": {"must": [{ "match": { "name": "电子" } }],"filter": [{ "range": { "price": { "gte": 500, "lte": 1000 } } }]}},"sort": [{ "price": { "order": "desc" } }],"from": 0,"size": 5
}'3 更新文档
3.1 全量替换
# 完全替换文档内容（需提供所有字段）
curl -X PUT "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindx/_doc/1" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"name": "无线耳机","price": 699,"color": "black"
}'3.2 部分更新
# 更新单个字段
curl -X POST "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindex/_update/1" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"doc": {"price": 649}
}'# 带条件的更新（仅当stock>0时执行）
curl -X POST "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindex/_update/1" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"script": {"source": "ctx._source.price -= params.discount","params": {"discount": 50}},"upsert": {"name": "无线耳机","price": 699}
}'# 批量更新
curl -X POST "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindex_1" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{ "update" : { "_index" : "myindex", "_id" : "1" } }
{ "doc" : { "price" : 599 } }
{ "update" : { "_index" : "myindex", "_id" : "2" } }
{ "script" : { "source": "ctx._source.stock -= 1" } }
'4 删除操作
4.1 删除文档
# 按ID删除
curl -X DELETE "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindx/_doc/1"# 按查询删除
curl -X POST "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindx/_delete_by_query" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{"query": {"range": {"price": { "lt": 300 }}}
}'# 批量删除
curl -X POST "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindx_1" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{ "delete" : { "_index" : "myindx", "_id" : "2" } }
{ "delete" : { "_index" : "myindx", "_id" : "3" } }
'4.2 删除索引
# 删除整个索引（不可逆操作！）
curl -X DELETE "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindx"# 删除多个索引
curl -X DELETE "http://192.168.10.33:9200/index1,index2"# 使用通配符删除
curl -X DELETE "http://192.168.10.33:9200/myindx_2025_01_*"5 常见错误与解决方案
| 错误现象 | 可能原因 | 解决方案 |
| 无法创建文档（409 Conflict） | 文档ID已存在 | 使用PUT覆盖或生成新ID |
| 更新文档版本冲突（409 Conflict） | 文档被其他进程修改 | 获取最新版本后重试 |
| 查询返回部分结果（503 Service Unavailable） | 分片未分配 | 检查集群状态，调整分片分配策略 |
| 索引只读（403 Forbidden） | 磁盘空间不足 | 清理空间或调整索引配置 |
