CRUD : Create(创建), Retrieve(读取),Update(更新),Delete(删除)
1 Create
语法:
INSERT [INTO] table_name[(column [, column] ...)]VALUES (value_list) [, (value_list)] ...
value_list: value, [, value] ...
案例:
-- 创建一张学生表
CREATE TABLE students (id INT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,sn INT NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT '学号',name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,qq VARCHAR(20)
);
1.1 单行数据 + 全列插入
-- 插入两条记录,value_list 数量必须和定义表的列的数量及顺序一致
-- 注意,这里在插入的时候,也可以不用指定id(当然,那时候就需要明确插入数据到那些列了),
那么mysql会使用默认的值进行自增。INSERT INTO students VALUES (100, 10000, '唐三藏', NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)-- 查看插入结果
SELECT * FROM students;
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| 100 | 10000 | 唐三藏 | NULL |
| 101 | 10001 | 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.2 多行数据 + 指定列插入
-- 插入两条记录,value_list 数量必须和指定列数量及顺序一致
INSERT INTO students (id, sn, name) VALUES
(102, 20001, '曹孟德'),
(103, 20002, '孙仲谋');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0-- 查看插入结果
SELECT * FROM students;
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| 100 | 10000 | 唐三藏 | NULL |
| 101 | 10001 | 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 102 | 20001 | 曹孟德 | NULL |
| 103 | 20002 | 孙仲谋 | NULL |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.3 插入否则更新
由于 主键 或者 唯一键 对应的值已经存在而导致插入失败
-- 主键冲突
INSERT INTO students (id, sn, name) VALUES (100, 10010, '唐大师');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '100' for key 'PRIMARY'-- 唯一键冲突
INSERT INTO students (sn, name) VALUES (20001, '曹阿瞒');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '20001' for key 'sn'
可以选择性的进行同步更新操作语法:
INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATEcolumn = value [, column = value] ...
INSERT INTO students (id, sn, name) VALUES (100, 10010, '唐大师')
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE sn = 10010, name = '唐大师';
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.47 sec)-- 0 row affected: 表中有冲突数据,但冲突数据的值和 update 的值相等
-- 1 row affected: 表中没有冲突数据,数据被插入
-- 2 row affected: 表中有冲突数据,并且数据已经被更新-- 通过 MySQL 函数获取受到影响的数据行数
SELECT ROW_COUNT();
+-------------+
| ROW_COUNT() |
+-------------+
| 2 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- ON DUPLICATE KEY 当发生重复key的时候
1.4 替换
-- 主键 或者 唯一键 没有冲突,则直接插入;
-- 主键 或者 唯一键 如果冲突,则删除后再插入REPLACE INTO students (sn, name) VALUES (20001, '曹阿瞒');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)-- 1 row affected: 表中没有冲突数据,数据被插入
-- 2 row affected: 表中有冲突数据,删除后重新插入
2 Retrieve
语法:
SELECT[DISTINCT] {* | {column [, column] ...}[FROM table_name][WHERE ...][ORDER BY column [ASC | DESC], ...]LIMIT ...
案例:
-- 创建表结构
CREATE TABLE exam_result (id INT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '同学姓名',chinese float DEFAULT 0.0 COMMENT '语文成绩',math float DEFAULT 0.0 COMMENT '数学成绩',english float DEFAULT 0.0 COMMENT '英语成绩'
);-- 插入测试数据
INSERT INTO exam_result (name, chinese, math, english) VALUES('唐三藏', 67, 98, 56),('孙悟空', 87, 78, 77),('猪悟能', 88, 98, 90),('曹孟德', 82, 84, 67),('刘玄德', 55, 85, 45),('孙权', 70, 73, 78),('宋公明', 75, 65, 30);
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 7 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
2.1 SELECT 列
2.1.1 全列查询
-- 通常情况下不建议使用 * 进行全列查询
-- 1. 查询的列越多,意味着需要传输的数据量越大;
-- 2. 可能会影响到索引的使用。(索引待后面课程讲解)SELECT * FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 67 | 98 | 56 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 87 | 78 | 77 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 82 | 84 | 67 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 55 | 85 | 45 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 70 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 75 | 65 | 30 |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.1.2 指定列查询
-- 指定列的顺序不需要按定义表的顺序来SELECT id, name, english FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+--------+
| id | name | english |
+----+-----------+--------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 56 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 77 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 67 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 45 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 78 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 30 |
+----+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.1.3 查询字段为表达式
-- 表达式不包含字段SELECT id, name, 10 FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+----+
| id | name | 10 |
+----+-----------+----+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 10 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 10 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 10 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 10 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 10 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 10 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 10 |
+----+-----------+----+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 表达式包含一个字段SELECT id, name, english + 10 FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+-------------+
| id | name | english + 10 |
+----+-----------+-------------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 66 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 87 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 100 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 77 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 55 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 88 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 40 |
+----+-----------+-------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 表达式包含多个字段SELECT id, name, chinese + math + english FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+-------------------------+
| id | name | chinese + math + english |
+----+-----------+-------------------------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 221 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 170 |
+----+-----------+-------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.1.4 为查询结果指定别名
语法:
SELECT column [AS] alias_name [...] FROM table_name;
SELECT id, name, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+--------+
| id | name | 总分 |
+----+-----------+--------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 221 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 170 |
+----+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.1.5 结果去重
-- 98 分重复了SELECT math FROM exam_result;
+--------+
| math |
+--------+
| 98 |
| 78 |
| 98 |
| 84 |
| 85 |
| 73 |
| 65 |
+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 去重结果SELECT DISTINCT math FROM exam_result;
+--------+
| math |
+--------+
| 98 |
| 78 |
| 84 |
| 85 |
| 73 |
| 65 |
+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2 WHERE 条件
比较运算符:
运算符 | 说明 |
>, >=, <, <= | 大于,大于等于,小于,小于等于 |
= | 等于,NULL 不安全,例如 NULL = NULL 的结果是 NULL |
<=> | 等于,NULL 安全,例如 NULL <=> NULL 的结果是 TRUE(1) |
!=, <> | 不等于 |
BETWEEN a0 AND a1 | 范围匹配,[a0, a1],如果 a0 <= value <= a1,返回 TRUE(1) |
IN (option, ...) | 如果是 option 中的任意一个,返回 TRUE(1) |
IS NULL | 是 NULL |
IS NOT NULL | 不是 NULL |
LIKE | 模糊匹配。% 表示任意多个(包括 0 个)任意字符;_ 表示任意一个字符 |
逻辑运算符:
运算符 | 说明 |
AND | 多个条件必须都为 TRUE(1),结果才是 TRU |
OR | 任意一个条件为 TRUE(1), 结果为 TRUE(1) |
NOT | 条件为 TRUE(1),结果为 FALSE(0) |
案例:
2.2.1 英语不及格的同学及英语成绩 ( < 60 )
-- 基本比较SELECT name, english FROM exam_result WHERE english < 60;
+-----------+--------+
| name | english |
+-----------+--------+
| 唐三藏 | 56 |
| 刘玄德 | 45 |
| 宋公明 | 30 |
+-----------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2.2.2 语文成绩在 [80, 90] 分的同学及语文成绩
-- 使用 AND 进行条件连接SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese >= 80 AND chinese <= 90;
+-----------+-------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 87 |
| 猪悟能 | 88 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 |
+-----------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 使用 BETWEEN ... AND ... 条件SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese BETWEEN 80 AND 90;
+-----------+-------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 87 |
| 猪悟能 | 88 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 |
+-----------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.3 数学成绩是 58 或者 59 或者 98 或者 99 分的同学及数学成绩
-- 使用 OR 进行条件连接SELECT name, math FROM exam_result
WHERE math = 58
OR math = 59
OR math = 98
OR math = 99;
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
-- 使用 IN 条件SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE math IN (58, 59, 98, 99);
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.4 姓孙的同学 及 孙某同学
-- % 匹配任意多个(包括 0 个)任意字符SELECT name FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE '孙%';
+-----------+
| name |
+-----------+
| 孙悟空 |
| 孙权 |
+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- _ 匹配严格的一个任意字符SELECT name FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE '孙_';
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| 孙权 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.5 语文成绩好于英语成绩的同学
-- WHERE 条件中比较运算符两侧都是字段SELECT name, chinese, english FROM exam_result WHERE chinese > english;
+-----------+-------+--------+
| name | chinese | english |
+-----------+-------+--------+
| 唐三藏 | 67 | 56 |
| 孙悟空 | 87 | 77 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 | 67 |
| 刘玄德 | 55 | 45 |
| 宋公明 | 75 | 30 |
+-----------+-------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.6 总分在 200 分以下的同学
-- WHERE 条件中使用表达式
-- 别名不能用在 WHERE 条件中SELECT name, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
WHERE chinese + math + english < 200;
+-----------+--------+
| name | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.7 语文成绩 > 80 并且不姓孙的同学
-- AND 与 NOT 的使用SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result
WHERE chinese > 80 AND name NOT LIKE '孙%';
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 82 | 84 | 67 |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.8 孙某同学,否则要求总成绩 > 200 并且 语文成绩 < 数学成绩 并且 英语成绩 > 80
-- 综合性查询SELECT name, chinese, math, english, chinese + math + english 总分
FROM exam_result
WHERE name LIKE '孙_' OR (
chinese + math + english > 200 AND chinese < math AND english > 80
);
+-----------+-------+--------+--------+--------+
| name | chinese | math | english | 总分 |
+-----------+-------+--------+--------+--------+
| 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 | 276 |
| 孙权 | 70 | 73 | 78 | 221 |
+-----------+-------+--------+--------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.9 NULL 的查询
-- 查询 students 表
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| 100 | 10010 | 唐大师 | NULL |
| 101 | 10001 | 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 103 | 20002 | 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 104 | 20001 | 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)-- 查询 qq 号已知的同学姓名SELECT name, qq FROM students WHERE qq IS NOT NULL;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- NULL 和 NULL 的比较,= 和 <=> 的区别SELECT NULL = NULL, NULL = 1, NULL = 0;
+-------------+----------+----------+
| NULL = NULL | NULL = 1 | NULL = 0 |
+-------------+----------+----------+
| NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-------------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)SELECT NULL <=> NULL, NULL <=> 1, NULL <=> 0;
+---------------+------------+------------+
| NULL <=> NULL | NULL <=> 1 | NULL <=> 0 |
+---------------+------------+------------+
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
+---------------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.3 结果排序
语法:
-- ASC 为升序(从小到大)
-- DESC 为降序(从大到小)
-- 默认为 ASCSELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...]ORDER BY column [ASC|DESC], [...];
注意:没有 ORDER BY 子句的查询,返回的顺序是未定义的,永远不要依赖这个顺序
案例:
2.3.1 同学及数学成绩,按数学成绩升序显示
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result ORDER BY math;
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 宋公明 | 65 |
| 孙权 | 73 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
| 曹孟德 | 84 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 |
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.3.2 同学及 qq 号,按 qq 号排序显示\
-- NULL 视为比任何值都小,升序出现在最上面SELECT name, qq FROM students ORDER BY qq;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 唐大师 | NULL |
| 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----------+-------+
-- NULL 视为比任何值都小,降序出现在最下面SELECT name, qq FROM students ORDER BY qq DESC
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 唐大师 | NULL |
| 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.3.3 查询同学各门成绩,依次按 数学降序,英语升序,语文升序的方式显示
-- 多字段排序,排序优先级随书写顺序SELECT name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
ORDER BY math DESC, english, chinese;
+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| name | math | english | chinese |
+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 | 56 | 67 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 | 90 | 88 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 | 45 | 55 |
| 曹孟德 | 84 | 67 | 82 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 | 77 | 87 |
| 孙权 | 73 | 78 | 70 |
| 宋公明 | 65 | 30 | 75 |
+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.3.4 查询同学及总分,由高到低
-- ORDER BY 中可以使用表达式SELECT name, chinese + english + math FROM exam_resultORDER BY chinese + english + math DESC;
+-----------+-------------------------+
| name | chinese + english + math |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 孙权 | 221 |
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+-------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- ORDER BY 子句中可以使用列别名SELECT name, chinese + english + math 总分 FROM exam_resultORDER BY 总分 DESC;
+-----------+--------+
| name | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+
| 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 孙权 | 221 |
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.3.5 查询姓孙的同学或者姓曹的同学数学成绩,结果按数学成绩由高到低显示
-- 结合 WHERE 子句 和 ORDER BY 子句SELECT name, math FROM exam_resultWHERE name LIKE '孙%' OR name LIKE '曹%'ORDER BY math DESC;
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 曹孟德 | 84 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
| 孙权 | 73 |
+-----------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.4 筛选分页结果
语法:
-- 起始下标为 0-- 从 s 开始,筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT s, n-- 从 0 开始,筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n;-- 从 s 开始,筛选 n 条结果,比第二种用法更明确,建议使用
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n OFFSET s;
建议:对未知表进行查询时,最好加一条 LIMIT 1,避免因为表中数据过大,查询全表数据导致数据库卡死按 id 进行分页,每页 3 条记录,分别显示 第 1、2、3 页
-- 第 1 页SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_resultORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 0;
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 98 | 56 | 67 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 78 | 77 | 87 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 98 | 90 | 88 |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
-- 第 2 页SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_resultORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 3;
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 84 | 67 | 82 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 85 | 45 | 55 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 73 | 78 | 70 |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 第 3 页,如果结果不足 3 个,不会有影响SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_resultORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 6;
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| 7 | 宋公明 | 65 | 30 | 75 |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3 Update
语法:
UPDATE table_name SET column = expr [, column = expr ...][WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
对查询到的结果进行列值更
案例:
3.1 将孙悟空同学的数学成绩变更为 80 分
-- 更新值为具体值-- 查看原数据
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
+-----------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- 数据更新
UPDATE exam_result SET math = 80 WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
比特就业课Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0-- 查看更新后数据
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 孙悟空 | 80 |
+-----------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3.2 将曹孟德同学的数学成绩变更为 60 分,语文成绩变更为 70 分
-- 一次更新多个列-- 查看原数据
SELECT name, math, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE name = '曹孟德';
+-----------+--------+-------+
e | math | chinese |
+-----------+--------+-------+
| 曹孟德 | 84 | 82 |
+-----------+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- 数据更新
UPDATE exam_result SET math = 60, chinese = 70 WHERE name = '曹孟德';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0-- 查看更新后数据
SELECT name, math, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE name = '曹孟德';
+-----------+--------+-------+
| name | math | chinese |
+-----------+--------+-------+
| 曹孟德 | 60 | 70 |
+-----------+--------+-------+
3.3 将总成绩倒数前三的 3 位同学的数学成绩加上 30 分
-- 更新值为原值基础上变更-- 查看原数据
-- 别名可以在ORDER BY中使用
SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_resultORDER BY 总分 LIMIT 3;
+-----------+--------+--------+
| name | math | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
| 宋公明 | 65 | 170 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 | 185 |
| 曹孟德 | 60 | 197 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)-- 数据更新,不支持 math += 30 这种语法
UPDATE exam_result SET math = math + 30ORDER BY chinese + math + english LIMIT 3;
-- 查看更新后数据
-- 思考:这里还可以按总分升序排序取前 3 个么?
SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_resultWHERE name IN ('宋公明', '刘玄德', '曹孟德');
+-----------+--------+--------+
| name | math | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
| 曹孟德 | 90 | 227 |
| 刘玄德 | 115 | 215 |
| 宋公明 | 95 | 200 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)-- 按总成绩排序后查询结果
SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_resultORDER BY 总分 LIMIT 3;
+-----------+--------+--------+
| name | math | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
| 宋公明 | 95 | 200 |
| 刘玄德 | 115 | 215 |
| 唐三藏 | 98 | 221 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.4 将所有同学的语文成绩更新为原来的 2 倍
注意:更新全表的语句慎用!
-- 没有 WHERE 子句,则更新全表-- 查看原数据
SELECT * FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 67 | 98 | 56 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 87 | 80 | 77 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 70 | 90 | 67 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 55 | 115 | 45 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 70 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 75 | 95 | 30 |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--数据更新
UPDATE exam_result SET chinese = chinese * 2;
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 7 Changed: 7 Warnings: 0-- 查看更新后数据
SELECT * FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 134 | 98 | 56 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 174 | 80 | 77 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 176 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 140 | 90 | 67 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 110 | 115 | 45 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 140 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 150 | 95 | 30 |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4 Delete
6.4.1 删除数据
语法:
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
案例:
4.1.1 删除孙悟空同学的考试成绩
-- 查看原数据
SELECT * FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 174 | 80 | 77 |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- 删除数据
DELETE FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.17 sec)-- 查看删除结果
SELECT * FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
4.1.2 删除整张表数据
注意:删除整表操作要慎用!
-- 准备测试表
CREATE TABLE for_delete (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(20)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)-- 插入测试数据
INSERT INTO for_delete (name) VALUES ('A'), ('B'), ('C');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (1.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0-- 查看测试数据
SELECT * FROM for_delete;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 删除整表数据DELETE FROM for_delete;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)-- 查看删除结果
SELECT * FROM for_delete;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
-- 再插入一条数据,自增 id 在原值上增长
INSERT INTO for_delete (name) VALUES ('D');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)-- 查看数据
SELECT * FROM for_delete;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 4 | D |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- 查看表结构,会有 AUTO_INCREMENT=n 项
SHOW CREATE TABLE for_delete\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: for_delete
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `for_delete` (`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,`name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.2 截断表
语法:
TRUNCATE [TABLE] table_name
注意:这个操作慎用
1. 只能对整表操作,不能像 DELETE 一样针对部分数据操作;
2. 实际上 MySQL 不对数据操作,所以比 DELETE 更快,但是TRUNCATE在删除数据 的时候,并不经过真正的事物,所以无法回滚
3. 会重置 AUTO_INCREMENT 项
-- 准备测试表
CREATE TABLE for_truncate (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(20)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)-- 插入测试数据
INSERT INTO for_truncate (name) VALUES ('A'), ('B'), ('C');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (1.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0-- 查看测试数据
SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 截断整表数据,注意影响行数是 0,所以实际上没有对数据真正操作
TRUNCATE for_truncate;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)-- 查看删除结果
SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
-- 再插入一条数据,自增 id 在重新增长
INSERT INTO for_truncate (name) VALUES ('D');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)-- 查看数据
SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | D |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- 查看表结构,会有 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 项
SHOW CREATE TABLE for_truncate\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************Table: for_truncate
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `for_truncate` (`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,`name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5 插入查询结果
语法:
INSERT INTO table_name [(column [, column ...])] SELECT ...
案例:删除表中的的重复复记录,重复的数据只能有一份
-- 创建原数据表CREATE TABLE duplicate_table (id int, name varchar(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)-- 插入测试数据
INSERT INTO duplicate_table VALUES(100, 'aaa'),(100, 'aaa'),(200, 'bbb'),(200, 'bbb'),(200, 'bbb'),(300, 'ccc');
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
思路:
-- 创建一张空表 no_duplicate_table,结构和 duplicate_table 一样
CREATE TABLE no_duplicate_table LIKE duplicate_table;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)-- 将 duplicate_table 的去重数据插入到 no_duplicate_table
INSERT INTO no_duplicate_table SELECT DISTINCT * FROM duplicate_table;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0-- 通过重命名表,实现原子的去重操作
RENAME TABLE duplicate_table TO old_duplicate_table,
no_duplicate_table TO duplicate_table;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)-- 查看最终结果
SELECT * FROM duplicate_table;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 100 | aaa |
| 200 | bbb |
| 300 | ccc |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
6 聚合函数
函数 | 说明 |
COUNT([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 数量 |
SUM([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 总和,不是数字没有意义 |
AVG([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 平均值,不是数字没有意义 |
MAX([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 最大值,不是数字没有意义 |
MIN([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 最小值,不是数字没有意义 |
案例:
6.1 统计班级共有多少同学
- 使用 * 做统计,不受 NULL 影响SELECT COUNT(*) FROM students;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 4 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- 使用表达式做统计SELECT COUNT(1) FROM students;
+----------+
| COUNT(1) |
+----------+
| 4 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.2 统计班级收集的 qq 号有多少
-- NULL 不会计入结果SELECT COUNT(qq) FROM students;
+-----------+
| COUNT(qq) |
+-----------+
| 1 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.3 统计本次考试的数学成绩分数个数
-- COUNT(math) 统计的是全部成绩SELECT COUNT(math) FROM exam_result;
+---------------+
| COUNT(math) |
+---------------+
| 6 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- COUNT(DISTINCT math) 统计的是去重成绩数量
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT math) FROM exam_result;
+------------------------+
| COUNT(DISTINCT math) |
+------------------------+
| 5 |
+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.4 统计数学成绩总分
SELECT SUM(math) FROM exam_result;
+-------------+
| SUM(math) |
+-------------+
| 569 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- 不及格 < 60 的总分,没有结果,返回 NULL
SELECT SUM(math) FROM exam_result WHERE math < 60;
+-------------+
| SUM(math) |
+-------------+
| NULL |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.4 统计平均总分
SELECT AVG(chinese + math + english) 平均总分 FROM exam_result;
+--------------+
| 平均总分 |
+--------------+
| 297.5 |
+--------------+
6.5 返回英语最高分
SELECT MAX(english) FROM exam_result;
+-------------+
| MAX(english) |
+-------------+
| 90 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.6 返回 > 70 分以上的数学最低分
SELECT MIN(math) FROM exam_result WHERE math > 70;
+-------------+
| MIN(math) |
+-------------+
| 73 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7 group by子句的使用
在select中使用group by 子句可以对指定列进行分组查询
select column1, column2, .. from table group by column;
案例:
● 准备工作,创建一个雇员信息表(来自oracle 9i的经典测试表)
◌ EMP员工表
◌ DEPT部门表
◌ SALGRADE工资等级表
● 如何显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资
select deptno,avg(sal),max(sal) from EMP group by deptno;
● 显示每个部门的每种岗位的平均工资和最低工资
select avg(sal),min(sal),job, deptno from EMP group by deptno, job;
● 显示平均工资低于2000的部门和它的平均工资
◌ 统计各个部门的平均工资
select avg(sal) from EMP group by deptno
◌ having和group by配合使用,对group by结果进行过滤
select avg(sal) as myavg from EMP group by deptno having myavg<2000;having经常和group by搭配使用,作用是对分组进行筛选,作用有些像wh
8 实战OJ
● 牛客:批量插入数据
●牛客:找出所有员工当前(to_date='9999-01-01')具体的薪水salary情况,对于相同的薪水只显示一次,并按照逆序显示
● 牛客:查找最晚入职员工的所有信息
● 牛客:查找入职员工时间排名倒数第三的员工所有信息
● 牛客:查找薪水涨幅超过15次的员工号emp_no以及其对应的涨幅次数t
● 牛客:获取所有部门当前manager的当前薪水情况,给出dept_no, emp_no以及salary,当前表示 to_date='9999-01-01'
● 牛客:从titles表获取按照title进行分组,每组个数大于等于2,给出title以及对应的数目t
● leetcode: duplicate-emails
● leetcode: big-countries
● leetcode: nth-highest-salary
面试题:SQL查询中各个关键字的执行先后顺序 from > on> join > where > group by > with > having > select> distinct > order by > limit